The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 was awarded to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.
The announcement which was made on October 8 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 to John J. Hopfield, and Geoffrey E. Hinton, who used tools from physics to construct methods that helped lay the foundation for today’s powerful machine learning.
“John Hopfield created a structure that can store and reconstruct information. Geoffrey Hinton invented a method that can independently discover properties in data and which has become important for the large artificial neural networks now in use,” stated the Academy.
According to the Academy, John Hopfield invented a network that uses a method for saving and recreating patterns. “We can imagine the nodes as pixels. The Hopfield network utilises physics that describes a material’s characteristics due to its atomic spin – a property that makes each atom a tiny magnet. The network as a whole is described in a manner equivalent to the energy in the spin system found in physics, and is trained by finding values for the connections between the nodes so that the saved images have low energy. When the Hopfield network is fed a distorted or incomplete image, it methodically works through the nodes and updates their values so the network’s energy falls. The network thus works stepwise to find the saved image that is most like the imperfect one it was fed with,” it stated.
Further, Geoffrey Hinton used the Hopfield network as the foundation for a new network that uses a different method: the Boltzmann machine. “This can learn to recognise characteristic elements in a given type of data. Hinton used tools from statistical physics, the science of systems built from many similar components. The machine is trained by feeding it examples that are very likely to arise when the machine is run. The Boltzmann machine can be used to classify images or create new examples of the type of pattern on which it was trained. Hinton has built upon this work, helping initiate the current explosive development of machine learning,” added the Academy.
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“The laureates’ work has already been of the greatest benefit. In physics we use artificial neural networks in a vast range of areas, such as developing new materials with specific properties,” says Ellen Moons, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
Hopfield and Hinton will be sharing a prize amount of 11 million Swedish kronor for the Nobel Prize for Physics 2024.
John J. Hopfield, born 1933 in Chicago, IL, USA. PhD 1958 from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Professor at Princeton University, NJ, USA.
Geoffrey E. Hinton, born 1947 in London, UK. PhD 1978 from The University of Edinburgh, UK. Professor at University of Toronto, Canada.